COUGH
Respiratory
| Airways | Pharynx-Post-nasal drip Larynx- Laryngitis, tumor, whooping cough, croup Trachea- tracheitis Bronchi- COPD, Asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis, lung cancer |
| Parenchyma | TB, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, CF, ILD, sarcoidosis |
| Vasculature | Pulmonary embolism, vasculitis- GPS, MPA, WG, CSS |
Non- respiratory
| 1. Side effects of chemo or radiotherapy 2. CVS- pulmonary edema, chronic heart failure- cardiac asthma 3. GERD 4. Drugs- ACEI, chemo agents- bleomycin, busulphan; MTX, amiodarone, nitrofurantoin |
BREATHLESSNESS (CHRONIC)
| Respiratory causes | * COPD, asthma, cancer, ILD- sarcoidosis, EAA, fibrosing alveolitis, pneumoconiosis * Chronic pulmonary thromboembolism * Lymphangitis carcinomatosis * Large effusions- malignancy, RA?, CTD |
| Non-respiratory causes | * Cardiac- CHF, angina equivalent * Severe anemia * Obesity-?pulmonary HTN * Deconditioning |
CLUBBING
| Congenital | 5-10% cases are familial |
| Acquired | * Pulmonary- 1) Suppurative- TB, Bronchiectasis, CF, abscess, empyema 2) Tumors- lung cancer, mesothelioma(?asbestos), fibroma 3) ILD- IPF 4) Pulmonary AVM- HHT * Cardiovascular 1) Congenital cyanotic heart disease 2) Eisenmenger’s syndrome 3) AV shunts and aneurysm 4) Infective endocarditis 5) PDA- differential clubbing * Gastrointestinal- cirrhosis of liver, IBD, celiac disease, malabsorption syndrome * Others- 1) Thyroid acropachy- Grave’s disease 2) Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy |
HEMOPTYSIS
| Respiratory causes | 1) Bronchial- acute Bronchitis, bronchiectasis, adenoma, cancer, FB 2) Parenchymal- TB, suppurative pneumonia, hydatid cyst, flukes, abscess, trauma, actinomycosis, mycetoma 3) Vascular- AVM-HHT, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary renal syndrome- GPS, MPA, WG; idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis |
| Others | 1) CVS- acute LVF, aortic aneurysm(Marfan), MS 2) Blood- leukemia, hemophilia, anticoagulants, HHT |
INCIDENTAL PULMONARY NODULE
| Respiratory causes | Tumor- adenoma, cancer, metastasis, tuberculoma, localized pneumonia, cyst, pulmonary infarct |
| Others | Lymphoma, hydatid cyst, RA, WG, AVM-HHT, fungal ball- aspergilloma |
Pleural effusion on CXR
| Respiratory | CVS | GIT | Renal | Others |
| Parapneumonic Tubercular Malignancy Infarction Mesothelioma Asbestos related benign effusion | Post MI syndrome CCF | Liver failure Pancreatitis Subphrenic abscess Meig’s syndrome | Uremia Nephrotic syndrome-SLE, lymphoma, drugs, malignancy | Parapneumonic Tubercular Malignancy Infarction Mesothelioma Asbestos-related benign effusion |
